Home Bible Prophecy Why the Medes and Persians are considered a single kingdom in the Book of Daniel Page 7

Why the Medes and Persians are considered a single kingdom in the Book of Daniel

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The Book of Daniel

Interpreting the Book of Daniel through the lens of history has given rise to some different theories. As we know, each metal in the vision of the statue that both King Nebuchadnezzar and Daniel saw represents kingdoms.

Matching the metals to their respective kingdoms

One theory places the kingdoms in the following order

  1. Babylon
  2. Media
  3. Persia
  4. Greece.

Here is why this theory is wrong. Let’s start with what we all agree on. The King of Babylon was the head of gold. It is the first kingdom and plainly written. Remember that this revelation was given to the King of Babylon himself.

Wherever they live, he has made you ruler over them all. You are that head of gold.

But the next kingdom was not Media or the Medes. It was both Media and Persia together. Proof is found in the Book of Daniel itself.

This was the dream, and now we will interpret it to the king. Your Majesty, you are the king of kings. The God of heaven has given you dominion and power and might and glory; in your hands he has placed all mankind and the beasts of the field and the birds in the sky. Wherever they live, he has made you ruler over them all. You are that head of gold. After you, another kingdom will arise, inferior to yours. 

TEKEL means that you have been weighed on the scales and found deficient. PERES means that your kingdom has been divided and given over to the Medes and Persians.

The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia.

= Medes and Persians as one kingdom

The four kingdoms

Clearly then, the 4 kingdoms are:

  1. Babylon
  2. Media and Persia
  3. Greece
  4. Rome

Rome is the fourth kingdom

So the Roman Empire is the fourth kingdom if we look at history. But there is more to this statue than four metals representing four historical Gentile kingdoms.

Iron and clay

There is also two feet made of iron mixed with clay. So what in history could this refer too? Well we only need to look at what the next empire in succession was. Many say there wasn’t a kingdom after Rome because Rome simply fell and that was the end of that kingdom. This is not true. History shows us two significant things happened that fit with the description given by the statue. They are as follows:

  1. The Roman Empire had two legs in both the statue and in history. These were the East and the West. Yes the West fell eventually, but the East did not.
  2. The Roman Empire continued for a further 1000 years in the eastern leg. For some reason, this fact seems forgotten by some who try to interpret these verses.

The rise of a new empire

So who then conquered the Roman Empire? The answer is the Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire lasted for centuries and ruled the east first but eventually expanded to the west. At its height, it controlled much of south-eastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa.

An important thing to note was the capital of the Roman Empire before being conquered. It was not Rome, but Constantinople located in the country that today we call Turkey. When the Ottomans conquered the Roman Empire it took over its capital city and renamed it to Istanbul.

The ten toes

So what happened to the West then? Well the Ottomans ruled parts of the west too, but the region broke up into 10 states or countries. These are the countries of Western Europe we see today. This matches the description of the statue’s 10 toes.

As the ten toes of the feet were partly of iron and partly of clay, so some of the kingdom will be strong, and another part of it will be brittle

Let’s recap:

  1. The Ottoman Empire conquered the eastern leg of the Roman Empire and even into much of the western leg during the empire’s greatest extent.
  2. As for the western leg, 10 kings / states / countries eventually formed which is how Western Europe is today. Although there are varying interpretations, Western Europe is commonly understood to comprise of 10 countries.

The Book of Revelation in the New Testament mirrors the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament except it goes further into the future. Around two thousand years of history has since passed. This is what we read.

The ten horns you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but who for one hour will receive authority as kings along with the beast.

This could be a future event where Europe aligns with the beast. But going back to the Book of Daniel, it talks about the mix of iron and clay. This simply means that the iron (Roman Empire) was mixed with Clay, (the Ottoman Empire). An interesting fact to note here is the Arabic word for ‘mix’ is actually the word ‘arab‘ which is the term we associate with the Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire was made up of Arabs. Further, we read how both the iron and clay do not stick together. That could well be a reference to the fact that the Arabs and Roman citizens didn’t merge or blend together as one people. They remained distinct and today we still have Europeans and Arabs as distinct peoples. You can read more about the Ottoman Empire here.

The Mountain

But there is one more part of this statue that needs to be addressed. Not the statue itself, but what destroys the statue. It is a rock that strikes at the feet of the statue leading to it crumbling into dust. The word rock is also the word for mountain and the word mountain in the Bible is often used to refer to a kingdom. Here are some examples:

In Ezekiel 35:2, we read:

The word of the Lord came to me: “Son of man, set your face against Mount Seir, and prophesy against it,  and say to it, Thus says the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, Mount Seir, and I will stretch out my hand against you, land I will make you a desolation and a waste. I will lay your cities waste, and you shall become a desolation, and you shall know that I am the Lord. 

In Jeremiah. 51:25 we see that Babylon is called a mountain.

“I am against you, you destroying mountain…”

Further, we know that Mount Zion in a wider sense, is used to describe Israel. Remember that mountain and rock are the same word in scripture.

The Kingdom of God

So the rock that struck the statue is the Kingdom of God. It is this kingdom that destroys all the kingdoms of the world. It is an everlasting kingdom and its reign will know no end.

Daniel 2:34-35
While you were watching, a rock was cut out, but not by human hands. It struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay and smashed them. Then the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver and the gold were all broken to pieces and became like chaff on a threshing floor in the summer. The wind swept them away without leaving a trace. But the rock that struck the statue became a huge mountain and filled the whole earth.

Daniel 2: 44 
“In the time of those kings, the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed, nor will it be left to another people. It will crush all those kingdoms and bring them to an end, but it will itself endure forever.

As we can clearly see, the Book of Daniel aptly describes the kingdoms of the world. The world meaning the land around Israel including The Middle East and Europe.

Viewing 15 posts - 121 through 135 (of 135 total)
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  • October 27, 2021 at 3:52 am#891567
    GeneBalthrop
    Participant

    Adam…….you have to go back to the original prophesy of Daniel 2,   And make it all fit to the coming of Jesus , if you do that you will see there a SIX KINGDOMS mentioned by him there.  We are in the fifth and the Sixth is yet to come, that is the Kingdom of Jesus Christ and the Saint’s,  Daniels 2 prophesy only went that far.  Rev 17 picks it up from there and carries it to the return of God the Father to this earth.

    The only way you can make it all fit, is to understand that John in Rev 17 , was transported in time to the very end of the Thousand year rule of the Sixth kingdom of Jesus Christ and the Saint’s,  then will arise the Seventh and from the Seventh will come the Eighth kingdom consisting of ten kings and Satan himself as their leader,  he will completely destroy the “Seventh”  Kingdom of Babylon and then try to destroy The Sixth Kingdom of Jesus Christ and the Saint’s,  then God the Father will send fire down from heaven (the battle of Armageddon) and destroy the Eighth kingdom at Jerusalem,  and God the Father himself will receive the Sixth Kingdom of Jesus Christ and the Saint’s, and rule it forevermore.

    If what ever you, or anyone else comes up with ,  doesn’t  exactly matches that “TIMELINE ” , it won’t EVER work. IMO

    Peace and love to you and yours Adam………gene

    October 28, 2021 at 12:45 am#891578
    gadam123
    Participant

    DARIUS THE MEDE

    The Problem: ‘The references to Darius the Mede in the Book of Daniel have long been recognised as providing the most serious historical problem in the book.’ Yet the Bible clearly declares that after the death of the Chaldean king Belshazzar ‘Darius the Mede received the kingdom, being about sixty-two years old’ (Dn. 5:30-31). This Darius was ‘son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, who became king over the realm of the Chaldeans’ (9:1). He ‘set over the kingdom a hundred and twenty satraps, to be throughout the while kingdom; and over them three presidents, of whom Daniel was one, to whom these satraps
    should give account, so that the king might suffer no loss’ (6:1-2). Daniel held a position of authority at least during the first regnal year in Babylon of this king (6:1; 9:1) and, according to the traditional translation of 6:28, ‘Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius and the reign of Cyrus the Persian.’ Thus Darius the Mede appears to have been succeeded by Cyrus and this verse is considered ‘the clearest evidence of the book’s belief in a Median empire between the Babylonian and the Persian’

    On the other hand, contemporary extra-biblical sources relate that Belshazzar, co-regent with his father Nabonidus, the last Chaldean king of Babylon, died some time after the entry of Ugbaru, the governor of Gutium, with the army of Cyrus into Babylon without a battle on the sixteenth of Tashritu. Nabonidus, who had fled the day before, was probably captured and died in exile. Cyrus, who had remained with his troops at Opis, entered the city eighteen days later (third of Arahshamnu = 29 October 539 BC) when the temple ritual had been restored and agreement for surrender reached. He was received as a victor and
    deliverer with popular rejoicing and at once sent greetings to all Babylonia. Gubaru, his governor, installed sub-governors in Babylonia. The deities which had been brought in by Nabonidus to Babylon were restored to the shrines in their own cities. On the eleventh of Arahshamnu Ugbaru died and later that month some person, whose description is lost (possibly the wife or mother of the king), died amid national mourning at the end of which Cambyses, son of Cyrus, entered the temple. There is thus no room for the reign of a king Darius or for a ‘Median empire’ between the fall of the Chaldean Dynasty and the
    inauguration of the Achaemenid suzerainty at Babylon.

    The solution: The writer of Daniel inserted the fictitious rule of Darius the Mede before the rule of Cyrus the Persian to incorporate the second kingdom as Media before Persia to the four kingdom formula of Babylon, Media, Persia and Greece.

     

    October 28, 2021 at 1:06 am#891579
    gadam123
    Participant

    Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel by H.H. Rowley_book review

    H.H. Rowley suggests of the author of Daniel, “the author had an exaggerated sense of the significance of contemporary events… Recognizing the seriousness of the attack on his faith that Antiochus was making, and rightly inspiring his contemporaries to battle for their faith, he mistakenly thought the victory would be final and would inaugurate the kingdom that has no end.” (Pg. 137)

    He acknowledges, “On neither of the two opposing views of the second and third kingdoms… can a really convincing explanation of the symbolism of 7:5 ff. be given. Their evidence cannot fairly be used for or against either view, and we can only say with confidence that in the mind of the author they had some definite meaning, which is too obscure to be recovered, in the absence of any assured clue in his work. But that he believed that a Median empire stood between the Babylonian and the Persian can be proved without the aid of these verses, and this gives at once the simplest and most satisfying solution of the problem of the four empires.” (Pg. 160)

    He summarizes in conclusion, “(a) So far as Darius the Mede is concerned, we have seen that there is no way of reconciling the book of Daniel with assured history, and all the efforts of the apologists… definitely fail. (b) So far as the four empires are concerned, the identification with the Babylonian, Median, Persian, and Macedonian [Grecian] empires, to the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, is the only one that can be found to accord with the data presented… The case against the traditional date … rests on a variety of considerations, but the single one … in the first part of our study would alone be sufficient to establish it. For a sixth-century person… could not have made so gross an error as … introducing Darius the Mede between Belshazzar and Cyrus. Nor could he have supposed that a Median empire stood between the Babylonian and the Persian… the work… is anchored in the second century by the accuracy of the knowledge of that age which appears in its pages… It is impossible to believe that the mind of Daniel was illumined with accurate knowledge of future times, while, at the same time, thoroughly befogged as to the events in which he himself had played no mean part, and we can only find in the limited range of the accurate knowledge the indication of the author’s period.” (Pg. 175)

    Though more than 80 years old, this is still an excellent book laying out nearly all the possible theories, and more-or-less fairly assessing them. It will be of great interest to anyone seriously studying the book of Daniel.

    November 1, 2021 at 11:25 am#891638
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    Gadam thinks that because archaeology hasn’t discovered it yet, it is not true

    Let me state something. When you are not looking at the moon, does that mean it is not there?

    Now to the subject at hand. I would first like to state that whether Darius is a real person or not, in the context of Daniel, the Medes and Persians took rulership away from Babylon. They are the second beast, metal, and two horns.

    Now that we have this out of the way. The next thing to mention is  the name Darius. The same letters in Arabic mean “king,” “compeller,” “restrainer.” In Hebrew, derivations of the root mean “lord,” “mistress,” “queen”; in Aramaic, “mighty,” “almighty”. So it could be a name, a descriptor, maybe a title.

    Following that, many people that attack accounts in the Bible do so because of bias. They want more than anything for the Bible to be wrong, so they can feel justification for their sin or lack of faith in God. They probably reason that if the Bible is completely wrong on this point, then the rest doesn’t matter. So eat, drink, and be merry. But as long as it lines up with history, there is always the chance it is true and therefore, they know they are found wanting at that worries them.

    However, such views have time and time again been corrected with archaeological discoveries. The Bible says this and archaeology and history have no mention of it, then a discovery shows the Bible was correct. Let’s list some of the supposed errors in the Bible that have since been proven to be true by archaeology. Or have been backed up of extrabiblical sources.

    1. The existence of Jericho and the outward fallen walls.
    2. The crossing of the Red Sea.
    3. The existence of King David and The House of David.
    4. The existence of the Hittite civilization.
    5. The existence of King Belshazzar

    Of course this is not an exhaustive list, rather 5 easy examples you can google in a matter of minutes.

    Gadam, you seem to have a warped understanding of history and archaeology. King David and the House of David as being mentioned in an extrabiblical source was discovered in 1993. That is quite recent in archaeological terms. So historical evidence is always going to take time. In the meantime however, it would be foolish to write off Biblical history because a man or woman hasn’t happened to dig in the area where the proof is sitting. Imagine what else is lying buried in the ground just waiting to be discovered. This is just common sense Gadam. Even the Smithsonian Institute has a different opinion to you on this.

    “Much of the Bible, in particular the historical books of the old testament, are as accurate historical documents as any that we have from antiquity and are in fact more accurate than many of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, or Greek histories. These Biblical records can be and are used as are other ancient documents in archeological work. For the most part, historical events described took place and the peoples cited really existed. This is not to say that names of all peoples and places mentioned can be identified today, or that every event as reported in the historical books happened.”

    January 7, 2022 at 12:02 pm#892517
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    The Early Medes and the Median Empire

    In this video podcast, we’ll take a look at one of the most overlooked peoples of ancient history, the Medes, and reconstruct their early history using Assyrian, Babylonian and Greek sources, namely Herodotus (the Medes don’t have any primary sources of their own). It was the Medes and the Median Empire that laid the foundation upon which the Achaemenid Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great and his descendants rested upon.

    February 22, 2022 at 11:57 pm#926242
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    The Ancient Middle East up till the Achaemenid Empire (Medes and Persians)

    February 23, 2022 at 12:08 am#926244
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    ‘The Persians were originally nomadic pastoralists in the western Iranian Plateau. The Achaemenid Empire was not the first Iranian empire, as the Medes, another group of Iranian peoples, established a short-lived empire and played a major role in the overthrow of the Assyrians”

    https://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-the-ancient-near-east-ca-3000-323-bc/oclc/904507201

    May 16, 2022 at 12:25 pm#931667
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    The makeup of the Persian Empire

    History attests to the single Mede and Persian empire. Understanding this places the order of empires and consequently, the order of the prophesied kingdoms in the Book of Daniel to:

    1. Babylon
    2. Media and Persia
    3. Greece
    4. Rome

    May 16, 2022 at 10:40 pm#931668
    keras
    Participant

    There was a King Darius:

    Bisotun is located along the ancient trade route linking the Iranian high plateau with Mesopotamia and features remains from the prehistoric times to the Median, Achaemenid, Sassanian, and Ilkhanid periods. The principal monument of this archaeological site is the bas-relief and cuneiform inscription ordered by Darius I, The Great, when he rose to the throne of the Persian Empire, 521 BC. The bas-relief portrays Darius holding a bow, as a sign of sovereignty, and treading on the chest of a figure who lies on his back before him. According to legend, the figure represents Gaumata, the Median Magus and pretender to the throne whose assassination led to Darius’s rise to power. Below and around the bas-reliefs, there are ca. 1,200 lines of inscriptions telling the story of the battles Darius waged in 521-520 BC against the governors who attempted to take apart the Empire founded by Cyrus. The inscription is written in three languages. The oldest is an Elamite text referring to legends describing the king and the rebellions. This is followed by a Babylonian version of similar legends. The last phase of the inscription is particularly important, as it is here that Darius introduced for the first time the Old Persian version of his res gestae (things done). This is the only known monumental text of the Achaemenids to document the re-establishment of the Empire by Darius I. It also bears witness to the interchange of influences in the development of monumental art and writing in the region of the Persian Empire. There are also remains from the Median period (8th to 7th centuries B.C.) as well as from the Achaemenid (6th to 4th centuries B.C.) and post-Achaemenid periods.

    May 17, 2022 at 2:19 pm#931673
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    Thanks keras.

    May 17, 2022 at 2:20 pm#931674
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    A brief history of the Medes and Persians becoming an empire

    I am trying to picture the succession of beasts as written in the Book of Daniel. It is quite hard because there is a difference between empires and beasts. At what point does an empire or empires become a beast. I would think when a government controls the empires or kingdoms around it and not just it’s own empire.

    This video above points out that the Assyrians fought many battles with the Medes. Historian Herodotus says that the Medes were fiercely independent, but a disunited people. Tradition has it that they grew tired of Assyrian invasions and general lawlessness, so they united to become a single kingdom. The king they chose to lead them was Deioces (727-675 BC). It was his grandson Cyaxares who turned the kingdom into a world leading empire. He allied with the king of Babylon and launched an attack on the Assyrian Empire and helped to destroy it. They then divvied up the territory between them.

    Eventually Cyaxares passed away and his son Astyages took the throne. During this time, there were three empires in the region. Neo-Babylon, Lydia, and Media. It was then that the Medes and the closely related Persians who were part of Media gained stronger ties when Astyages daughter married Cambyses 1 the king of Persia. These were the parents of Cyrus II, better known as Cyrus the Great. Historians disagree on this however as some say there was no lineage or link, but they all agree that Cyrus attacked Astyages the king of the Medes with Cyrus becoming the king of a stronger and more unified Median and Persian state.

    What made Cyrus different to kings in the past was he showed mercy on Astyages and even made him a member of the his entourage. If history is true, Cyrus often treated his defeated enemies with dignity and was tolerant of the defeated people’s customs and religions. He often assimilated other peoples and their cultures and cities into his own kingdom. It was this policy of tolerance that made him famous in the ancient world. It also made it easier for Cyrus to rule over a diverse group of people as they had less reason to revolt.

    The rise of Cyrus and Persia did not go unnoticed by neighbouring empires Lydia and Babylon. These two empires saw Cyrus as an usurper of the Median throne. But it was Lydia who first attacked Media-Persia and they lost. Cyrus assimilated the region as a new province in his empire. He also gained the coastal Greek provinces that Lydia ruled over. The Lydian king whose name was Croesus eventually joined Cyrus as Astyages had done earlier and became one of his closest advisors.

    The next empire to conquer was Babylon. This was Cyrus’s most famous conquest. History records that the city was taken without battle. This appears to agree with the biblical account where the Babylonians were unprepared for battle and captured. Cyrus not only assimilated Babylon into his own empire, but also her subjected peoples too. It was at this time that Cyrus famously freed the Jews who were under Babylonian captivity. He even helped the Jews to rebuild the second temple in Jerusalem.

    Ezra 1:1-3

    1 In the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of the Lord spoken by Jeremiah, the Lord moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and also to put it in writing:

    2 “This is what Cyrus king of Persia says:

    “‘The Lord, the God of heaven, has given me all the kingdoms of the earth and he has appointed me to build a temple for him at Jerusalem in Judah. 3 Any of his people among you may go up to Jerusalem in Judah and build the temple of the Lord, the God of Israel, the God who is in Jerusalem, and may their God be with them.

    May 17, 2022 at 3:39 pm#931675
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    Placing King Darius into recorded history

    Darius is first mentioned in the story of Belshazzar’s feast (Daniel 5). Belshazzar, king of Babylon, holds a great feast, during which a hand appears and writes on the wall:

    “MENE, MENE, TEKEL, and PARSIN” (מנא מנא תקל ופרסין‎).

    Daniel interprets the words: Belshazzar has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom is to be divided between the Medes and Persians. The story concludes: “That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom.”

    So does this fit with known history. First thing to consider is that history around this time is very sketchy. Historians often contradict one another too. Besides that, it seems that Darius can mean ‘King’, thus it could be one of the kings that Cyrus conquered and then made part of his entourage and as one of his advisors and rulers. Such a person would fit Astyages for example.

    According to Bible Study Tools dictionary, it says the following:

    Darius the Mede ( Daniel 11:1 ), “the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes” ( 9:1 ). On the death of Belshazzar the Chaldean he “received the kingdom” of Babylon as viceroy from Cyrus. During his brief reign (B.C. 538-536) Daniel was promoted to the highest dignity ( Daniel 6:1 Daniel 6:2 ); but on account of the malice of his enemies he was cast into the den of lions. After his miraculous escape, a decree was issued by Darius enjoining “reverence for the God of Daniel” ( 6:26 ). This king was probably the “Astyages” of the Greek historians. Nothing can, however, be with certainty affirmed regarding him. Some are of opinion that the name “Darius” is simply a name of office, equivalent to “governor,” and that the “Gobryas” of the inscriptions was the person intended by the name. 
    Darius, king of Persia, was the son of Hystaspes, of the royal family of the Achaemenidae. He did not immediately succeed Cyrus on the throne. There were two intermediate kings, viz., Cambyses (the Ahasuerus of Ezra), the son of Cyrus, who reigned from B.C. 529-522, and was succeeded by a usurper named Smerdis, who occupied the throne only ten months, and was succeeded by this Darius (B.C. 521-486). Smerdis was a Margian, and therefore had no sympathy with Cyrus and Cambyses in the manner in which they had treated the Jews. He issued a decree prohibiting the restoration of the temple and of Jerusalem ( Ezra 4:17-22 ). But soon after his death and the accession of Darius, the Jews resumed their work, thinking that the edict of Smerdis would be now null and void, as Darius was in known harmony with the religious policy of Cyrus. The enemies of the Jews lost no time in bringing the matter under the notice of Darius, who caused search to be made for the decree of Cyrus (q.v.). It was not found at Babylon, but at Achmetha ( Ezra 6:2 ); and Darius forthwith issued a new decree, giving the Jews full liberty to prosecute their work, at the same time requiring the Syrian satrap and his subordinates to give them all needed help. It was with the army of this king that the Greeks fought the famous battle of Marathon (B.C. 490). During his reign the Jews enjoyed much peace and prosperity. He was succeeded by Ahasuerus, known to the Greeks as Xerxes, who reigned for twenty-one years. 
    Darius the Persian ( Nehemiah 12:22 ) was probably the Darius II. (Ochus or Nothus) of profane history, the son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, who was the son and successor of Ahasuerus (Xerxes).

    https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/darius/

    May 20, 2022 at 5:14 am#931691
    gadam123
    Participant

    February 15, 2023 at 5:28 pm#942343
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    Proof that the Medes and the Persians were one kingdom

    Daniel 5:25-28

    “Now this is the inscription that was written out: ‘MENĒ, MENĒ, TEKĒL, UPHARSIN.’
    This is the interpretation of the message:
    ‘MENĒ’—God has numbered your kingdom and put an end to it.
    ‘TEKĒL’—you have been weighed on the scales and found deficient.
    ‘PERĒS’—your kingdom has been divided and given over to:
    the Medes and Persians.”

    So the kingdom of Babylon was given over to the Medes and the Persians. The Medes were not one kingdom followed by Persia.

    June 10, 2024 at 5:08 pm#946513
    Proclaimer
    Participant

    Cyrus the Great

    Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire and the king of Persia from 559 to 530 BC. He is best known for his role in ending the Babylonian captivity and allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. He is considered a hero in Jewish and persian history. His empire, at its height, was the largest empire the world had yet seen.
    – He was the Persian king who founded the Achaemenid Empire.
    – He allowed the various cultures within his empire to maintain their religions, laws, and customs.
    – He freed the Jews that had been held in captivity by the Babylonians.
    – He was a benevolent conqueror who honored and cared for his subjects.
    – He was a skilled military leader who was able to move his armies quickly and strike before his enemies could prepare.
    – He was a tolerant and ideal monarch who was called the father of his people.
    – He was born between 590 and 580 BCE in either Media or Persis.
    – He died in 529 BCE after being wounded in battle.
    – He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who expanded the empire even further.

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