Archaeologist sees proof for bible in ancient wall

Participant

Was it this find?

http://www.boston.com/news….derComm

The Wikipedia article includes this:

A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE

So radiocarbon dating confirms the date in line with the biblical narrative.

Which means radiocarbon dating must be a valid technique!

Which, given the number of objects that date to many tens of thousands of years, means young earth creationism is wrong.

Unless there are any YECs here who would like to argue against the archeological evidence for the bible narrative?

The evidence says that the bible is historical fiction. Jerusalem exists, and has a history that matches aspects of the biblical account. The story of a man walking again after he was executed is one of the fictional parts.

Stuart

July 14, 2010 at 1:43 am#203658

Proclaimer

Participant

Try this link:

July 14, 2010 at 8:20 am#203706

Ed J

Participant

Hi T8,

Yea, that link worked; thanks.

Ed J

July 10, 2011 at 11:28 pm#251849

Proclaimer

Participant

http://www.livescience.com/9828-an….on.html

July 28, 2011 at 4:34 am#254123

Participant

Quote (Stu @ July 07 2010,05:53)

Was it this find?

The Wikipedia article includes this:

A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE

So radiocarbon dating confirms the date in line with the biblical narrative.

Which means radiocarbon dating must be a valid technique!

Which, given the number of objects that date to many tens of thousands of years, means young earth creationism is wrong.

Unless there are any YECs here who would like to argue against the archeological evidence for the bible narrative?

Stuart

stu

many techniques are good and are use to measure just like a metric tape in meters or imperial in feet,

but sometimes the ones who handle the instrument are not reliable or do not use proper procedure to have accurate measurements,

I have seen this for most of my live in construction ,it does not matter if it is a labor or a engineer or architect or a soil expert,

there are various reasons but none of them produce the true measurements

Pierre

July 28, 2011 at 5:15 am#254138

Participant

Quote (terraricca @ July 28 2011,15:34)

Quote (Stu @ July 07 2010,05:53)

Was it this find?

The Wikipedia article includes this:

A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE

So radiocarbon dating confirms the date in line with the biblical narrative.

Which means radiocarbon dating must be a valid technique!

Which, given the number of objects that date to many tens of thousands of years, means young earth creationism is wrong.

Unless there are any YECs here who would like to argue against the archeological evidence for the bible narrative?

Stuart

stu

many techniques are good and are use to measure just like a metric tape in meters or imperial in feet,

but sometimes the ones who handle the instrument are not reliable or do not use proper procedure to have accurate measurements,

I have seen this for most of my live in construction ,it does not matter if it is a labor or a engineer or architect or a soil expert,

there are various reasons but none of them produce the true measurements

Pierre

You better be able to say exactly what you mean, or else retract what you claimed. You are talking about well established dating techniques that contain error-correction mechanisms within those techniques.

So, either retract your smear or explain it.

Stuart

July 28, 2011 at 6:09 am#254146

Participant

Quote (Stu @ July 28 2011,23:15)

Quote (terraricca @ July 28 2011,15:34)

Quote (Stu @ July 07 2010,05:53)

Was it this find?

The Wikipedia article includes this:

A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE

So radiocarbon dating confirms the date in line with the biblical narrative.

Which means radiocarbon dating must be a valid technique!

Which, given the number of objects that date to many tens of thousands of years, means young earth creationism is wrong.

Unless there are any YECs here who would like to argue against the archeological evidence for the bible narrative?

Stuart

stu

many techniques are good and are use to measure just like a metric tape in meters or imperial in feet,

but sometimes the ones who handle the instrument are not reliable or do not use proper procedure to have accurate measurements,

I have seen this for most of my live in construction ,it does not matter if it is a labor or a engineer or architect or a soil expert,

there are various reasons but none of them produce the true measurements

Pierre

So, either retract your smear or explain it.

Stuart

stu

you have to open you eyes and ears to the world

how many bridges fall in the past 5 years ?

how many building were designed wrongly ?

how many building are not as originally designed ?

how many dating do we have seen and heard of that were not to what they claim to be ?

and I am passing more …………………..

Pierre

July 28, 2011 at 6:42 am#254149

Participant

Stu,
Are there assumptions made in radiocarbon dating process?

July 28, 2011 at 6:45 am#254150

Participant

Quote (terraricca @ July 28 2011,17:09)

Quote (Stu @ July 28 2011,23:15)

Quote (terraricca @ July 28 2011,15:34)

Quote (Stu @ July 07 2010,05:53)

Was it this find?

The Wikipedia article includes this:

A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE

So radiocarbon dating confirms the date in line with the biblical narrative.

Which means radiocarbon dating must be a valid technique!

Which, given the number of objects that date to many tens of thousands of years, means young earth creationism is wrong.

Unless there are any YECs here who would like to argue against the archeological evidence for the bible narrative?

Stuart

stu

many techniques are good and are use to measure just like a metric tape in meters or imperial in feet,

but sometimes the ones who handle the instrument are not reliable or do not use proper procedure to have accurate measurements,

I have seen this for most of my live in construction ,it does not matter if it is a labor or a engineer or architect or a soil expert,

there are various reasons but none of them produce the true measurements

Pierre

So, either retract your smear or explain it.

Stuart

stu

you have to open you eyes and ears to the world

how many bridges fall in the past 5 years ?

how many building were designed wrongly ?

how many building are not as originally designed ?

how many dating do we have seen and heard of that were not to what they claim to be ?

and I am passing more …………………..

Pierre

You better be able to name the people who have made the mistakes you claim, or have the decency to retract your accusations against all people involved in the technical aspects of radioisotope dating and other dating techniques.

I don't see what falling bridges has to do with the uncertainties associated with radiocarbon dating. Maybe it is because you know nothing about dating of ancient samples that you instead talk about something completely different, your field of interest, and the try and apply the same error rates to a totally unrelated field. It's just as well bridges aren't built according to the integrity of creationists, or they would be about as effective as houses made of playing cards.

As it happens, I rather thing bridges are fairly reliable structures.

Stuart

July 28, 2011 at 7:05 am#254151

Participant

Quote (seekingtruth @ July 28 2011,17:42)

Stu,
Are there assumptions made in radiocarbon dating process?

Yes. The scientists are forced to assume they actually exist as human beings, and they have to assume that what they see is what they actually get, that life is not an illusion.

Did you have some other assumption in mind?

Stuart

July 28, 2011 at 7:21 am#254152

Participant

The ratio of C-14 to C-12 as a historical constant.

July 28, 2011 at 8:06 am#254154

Participant

Quote (seekingtruth @ July 28 2011,18:21)

The ratio of C-14 to C-12 as a historical constant.

Well they don't assume that, do they.

Stuart

July 28, 2011 at 12:04 pm#254159

Participant

The process assumes equilibrium through out history. However a major atmospheric disturbance (such as a Biblical flood) could have changed the ratio making items appear older with a higher percentage of carbon 12.

July 28, 2011 at 1:01 pm#254165

Participant

Quote (seekingtruth @ July 28 2011,23:04)

You cannot make those assumptions when it comes to radiocarbon dating. There are too many variables at play. There are the natural variations in ratio that happen when global temperatures change and carbon dioxide is absorbed into the sea or released from it. There there is the atmospheric nuclear testing of the 1950s that caused a doubling of the 14-C in the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere, but not as much of an increase in the Southern Hemisphere. Then there is the industrial revolution which released “old” fossil carbon into the atmosphere, locked in the ground for millions of years and hence having virtually no 14-C left at all.

No, radiocarbon dating is done from a calibration curve that uses data from samples of independently known age to account for changes in isotope ratios. All sorts of things can be used, “such as examination of tree growth rings (dendrochronology), deep ocean sediment cores, lake sediment varves, coral samples, and speleothems (cave deposits)”, according to the Wikipedia article. I believe it was coral samples that were most recently used to give a reliable calibration of radiocarbon dating to 50,000 years. The technique is not much good beyond 60,000 years anyway, and is more of archeological use than paleontological use.

By the way, you can count Antarctic ice-core seasonal layers back 800,000 years. There is no disruption to the layers indicative of a global flood, for example a layer with salt, or with a telltale change in oxygen isotope ratio, or sediments from free-moving water. Bristlecone pine trees live for thousands of years and dendrochronologists are experts in determining which rings are from seasonal annual growth. There is an unbroken record of growth of bristlecone pines going back 10,000 years, pieced together from the same patterns of ring thickness in overlapping samples, and there was no time when bristlecone pines were wiped out by brackish water, say from a global covering of saltwater, and then regrew from seeds again.

So, what flood are you suggesting here? When are you alleging it happened, and why is there apparently no record of it in the dendrochronological record or Antarctic ice?

Stuart

July 28, 2011 at 1:49 pm#254169

Participant

Quote (Stu @ July 29 2011,00:45)

Quote (terraricca @ July 28 2011,17:09)

Quote (Stu @ July 28 2011,23:15)

Quote (terraricca @ July 28 2011,15:34)

Quote (Stu @ July 07 2010,05:53)

Was it this find?

The Wikipedia article includes this:

A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE

So radiocarbon dating confirms the date in line with the biblical narrative.

Which means radiocarbon dating must be a valid technique!

Which, given the number of objects that date to many tens of thousands of years, means young earth creationism is wrong.

Unless there are any YECs here who would like to argue against the archeological evidence for the bible narrative?

Stuart

stu

many techniques are good and are use to measure just like a metric tape in meters or imperial in feet,

but sometimes the ones who handle the instrument are not reliable or do not use proper procedure to have accurate measurements,

I have seen this for most of my live in construction ,it does not matter if it is a labor or a engineer or architect or a soil expert,

there are various reasons but none of them produce the true measurements

Pierre

So, either retract your smear or explain it.

Stuart

stu

you have to open you eyes and ears to the world

how many bridges fall in the past 5 years ?

how many building were designed wrongly ?

how many building are not as originally designed ?

how many dating do we have seen and heard of that were not to what they claim to be ?

and I am passing more …………………..

Pierre

As it happens, I rather thing bridges are fairly reliable structures.

Stuart

stu

here it is

List of major dam failures

Dam/incidentYearLocationDetails
Marib Dam575Sheba, YemenUnknown (possibly neglect)
Dale Dike Reservoir1864South Yorkshire, England, United KingdomDefective construction, small leak in wall grew until dam failed.
South Fork Dam1889Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United StatesBlamed locally on poor maintenance by owners; court deemed it an “Act of God”. Followed exceptionally heavy rainfall. Caused Johnstown flood.
Walnut Grove Dam1890Wickenburg, Arizona Territory, United StatesHeavy snow and rain following public calls by the dam's chief engineer to strengthen the earthen structure.
McDonald Dam1900Texas, United StatesExtreme current caused failure.
Austin Dam1911Austin, Pennsylvania, United StatesPoor design, use of dynamite to remedy structural problems.
Desná Dam1916Desná, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)Construction flaws caused the dam failure
Lake Toxaway Dam1916Transylvania County, North CarolinaHeavy rains cause the dam to give way. Dam was later rebuilt in the 1960s
Sweetwater Dam1916San Diego County, CaliforniaOver-topped from flooding
Lower Otay Dam1916San Diego County, CaliforniaOver-topped from flooding; 40 deaths
Gleno Dam1923Province of Bergamo, ItalyPoor construction and design
Llyn Eigiau dam and the outflow also destroyed Coedty reservoir dam.1925Dolgarrog, North Wales, UKContractor blamed cost-cutting in construction but 25″ of rain had fallen in preceding 5 days. This was the last dam failure to cause death in the UK to date (2010).
St. Francis Dam1928Valencia, California, Los Angeles County, United StatesGeological instability of canyon wall that could not have been detected with available technology of the time, combined with human error that assessed developing cracks as “normal” for a dam of that type.
Nanty Gro Reservoir in Wales1942Nanty Gro Valley, WalesDestroyed during preparation for Operation Chastise in World War II.
Eder, Möhne Dams1943Eder Valley, Ruhr, GermanyDestroyed by bombing during Operation Chastise in World War II.
Vega de Tera1959Ribadelago, Spain
Malpasset1959Côte d'Azur, FranceGeological fault possibly enhanced by explosives work during construction; initial geo-study was not thorough.
Baldwin Hills Reservoir1963Los Angeles, California, United StatesSubsidence caused by over-exploitation of local oil field
Spaulding Pond Dam (Mohegan Park)1963Norwich, Connecticut, United States6 deaths, more than $6 million estimated damages
Vajont Dam1963ItalyStrictly not a dam failure, since the dam structure did not collapse and is still standing. Filling the reservoir caused geological failure in valley wall, leading to 110 km/h landslide into the lake; water escaped in a seiche over the top of dam. Valley had been incorrectly assessed stable.
Mina Plakalnitsa, (Vratsa)1966Vratsa, BulgariaA tailings dam at Plakalnitsa copper mine near the city of Vratsa fails. A total 450,000 cu m of mud and water inundate Vratsa and the nearby village of Zgorigrad, which suffers widespread damage. The official death toll is 107, but the unofficial estimate is around 500 killed, as the Bulgarian communist authorities tried to play down the impact of the accident. [1]
Buffalo Creek Flood1972West Virginia, United StatesUnstable loose constructed dam created by local coal mining company, collapsed in heavy rain
Canyon Lake Dam1972South Dakota, United StatesFlooding, dam outlets flooded with debris.
Banqiao and Shimantan Dams1975ChinaExtreme rainfall beyond the planned design capability of the dam
Teton Dam1976Idaho, United StatesWater leakage through earthen wall, leading to dam failure
.
Laurel Run Dam1977Pennsylvania, United StatesHeavy rainfall and flooding that over-topped the dam.
Kelly Barnes Dam1977Georgia, United StatesUnknown, possibly design error as dam was raised several times by owners to improve power generation.
Machchu-2 Dam1979Gujarat, IndiaHeavy rain and flooding beyond spillway capacity.
Lawn Lake Dam1982Rocky Mountain National Park, United StatesOutlet pipe erosion; dam under-maintained due to location
Tous Dam1982Valencia, Spain
Val di Stava Dam collapse1985ItalyPoor maintenance and low margin for error in design; outlet pipes failed leading to pressure on dam.
Peruća Dam detonation1993CroatiaNot strictly a dam failure as there was a detonation of pre-positioned explosives by retreating Serb Forces.
Saguenay Flood1996Quebec, CanadaProblems started after two weeks of constant rain, which severely engorged soils, rivers and reservoirs. Post-flood enquiries discovered that the network of dikes and dams protecting the city was poorly maintained.
Meadow Pond Dam1996New Hampshire, United StatesUnknown
Opuha Dam1997New ZealandHeavy rain during construction caused failure, dam was later completed
Vodní nádrž Soběnov2002Soběnov, Czech RepublicExtreme rainfall during the 2002 European floods
Ringdijk Groot-Mijdrecht2003Wilnis, NetherlandsPeat dam became lighter than water during droughts and floated away
Hope Mills Dam2003North Carolina, United StatesHeavy rains caused earthen dam and bank to wash away
Big Bay Dam2004Mississippi, United StatesA small hole in the dam, grew bigger and eventually led to failure.
Camará Dam2004Brasil
Shakidor Dam2005PakistanUnexpectedly extreme rain
Taum Sauk reservoir2005Lesterville, Missouri, United StatesComputer/operator error; gauges intended to mark dam full were not respected; dam continued to fill. Minor leakages had also weakened the wall through piping.
Campos Novos Dam2006Campos Novos, BrazilTunnel collapse
Gusau Dam2006Gusau, NigeriaHeavy flooding
Ka Loko Dam2006Kauai, HawaiiHeavy rain and flooding. Several possible specific factors to include poor maintenance, lack of inspection and illegal modifications.
Lake DeltonJune 9th, 2008Lake Delton, WisconsinFailure due to June 2008 Midwest floods.
Koshi Barrage2008Kusha, NepalHeavy rain.
Situ Gintung Dam2009Tangerang, IndonesiaPoor maintenance and heavy monsoon rain
Kyzyl-Agash Dam2010KazakhstanHeavy rain and snowmelt
Hope Mills Dam2010North Carolina, United StatesSinkhole caused dam failure
Delhi Dam2010Iowa, United StatesHeavy rain, flooding.
Ajka alumina plant accidentOctober 4, 2010HungaryFailure of concrete impound wall on alumina plant tailings dam.
Kenmare Resources tailings damOctober 8, 2010MozambiqueFailure of tailings dam at titanium mine.
Fujinuma DamMarch 11, 2011JapanFailed after 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.
[edit]References

^ http://zgorigrad.com/tragediata
[edit]

List of bridge failures
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of bridge failures.
This transport-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Contents [hide]
1 Bridge failures
2 Undated
3 Bridge disasters in fiction
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit]Bridge failures

This is a list of bridge failures including failures during construction. This list may be sorted by any field.[1]
BridgeLocationCountryDateConstruction type, use of bridgeReasonNumber death/injuriesDamageComments
Stirling
BridgeStirlingScotlandSeptember 1297Beam and trestle over the River ForthOverload by attackers during the Battle of Stirling BridgeUnknown, English forces defeatedBridge rendered unusableCollapse may have been assisted by defending forces.
Rialto
BridgeVeniceVenetian Republic1444Wooden structure with central drawbridge.Overload by spectators during the wedding of the Duke of Ferrara.UnknownBridge total damage
Broughton
Suspension
BridgeBroughton, Greater ManchesterEngland12 April 1831Suspension bridge over River IrwellBolt snapped due to mechanical resonance caused by marching soldiers20 injuredCollapsed at one end, bridge quickly rebuilt and strengthened

The rebuilt Broughton Suspension Bridge in 1883
Collapse due to faulty design. Caused “break step” rule to be issued to UK military.
Yarmouth
BridgeGreat YarmouthEngland2 May 1845Suspension bridgePeople had crowded onto the bridge to see a circus clown go down the river in a barrel pulled by geese. The weight of people shifted as the barrel passed underneath, the suspension chains on the south side snapped and the bridge deck tipped over.79 people drowned, mainly children.Suspension chains snapped due to overload.
Dee bridgeChesterEngland24 May 1847Cast iron beam bridge over the River DeeOverload by passenger train5 killedBridge rendered unusable

The Dee bridge after its collapse
Collapse due to faulty design.
Angers BridgeAngersFrance16 April 1850Suspension bridge over Maine RiverResonance of soldiers led to collapse226 killed, unknown injuredBridge total damage
Gasconade BridgeGasconade, MissouriUnited States1 November 1855Wooden rail bridgeInaugural run of Pacific Railroad is conducted before bridge's temporary trestle work is replaced with permanent structure31 killed, hundreds injuredSpan from anchorage to first pier destroyed
Desjardins Canal bridgeDesjardins Canal, OntarioCanada12 March 1857Rail bridgeMechanical force due to broken locomotive front axle59 killed
Sauquoit Creek3 miles (4.8 km) from Utica, NYUnited States11 May 1858Railroad trestleWeight (two trains on the same trestle)9 killed, 55 injured
Springbrook bridgeBetween Mishawaka and South Bend, IndianaUnited States27 June 1859Railroad embankment bridgeWashout41 killed (some accounts of 60 to 70)Known as the Great Mishawaka Train Wreck or South Bend Train Wreck
Wootton bridge collapseWoottonEngland11 June 1860Cast iron rail bridgecast iron beams cracked and failed2 killedtotal damage to floor

Wootton bridge after the crash
flawed design using unreliable cast iron, failed from a repair
Bull bridge accidentAmbergateEngland26 September 1860Cast iron rail bridgecast iron beam cracked and failed0 killed 0 injuredtotal collapse of bridge

Section of broken girder
bridge collapsed while freight train was on it; engine had passed bridge; rear cars had not yet gone onto it; train moving slowly due to fog and darkness
Platte Bridge Railroad TragedySt. Joseph, MissouriUnited States1861Sabotage by Confederate partisans during US Civil War.
Chunky Creek Train Wrecknear Hickory, MississippiUnited States1863Winter flood caused a debris build-up which shifted the bridge trestle.
train bridgeWood River Junction19 1873Washaway
Portage BridgePortageville, New YorkUnited States5 May 1875Wooden beam bridge over the Genesee RiverFire0 killed 0 injuredBridge was a total lossFire destroyed all but the concrete abutments
bridgebetween Valparaiso and SantiagoChileJuly 1875Collapsed beneath the overnight train
Ashtabula River Railroad DisasterAshtabula, OhioUnited States29 December 1876Wrought iron truss bridgePossible fatigue failure of cast iron elements92 killed, 64 injuredBridge total damage

Ashtabula bridge disaster
Tay Rail BridgeDundeeScotland28 December 1879Continuous girder bridge, wrought iron framework on cast iron columns, railway bridgeFaulty design, construction and maintenance, collapsed because of structural deterioration and wind load exceeding estimate75 killed (60 known dead)Bridge unusable, girders partly reused, train damaged

Fallen Tay Bridge from the north
Locomotive was saved from the Tay and was still in use 19 years later known as “The Diver”. The disaster was immortalized in a
poem by “Scotland's worst poet”, William McGonagall
Inverythan rail accidentAberdeenshireScotland27 November 1882Cast iron girder rail bridgeHidden defects in cast iron caused collapse as train was passing over5 killed, 17 injuredBridge rebuilt

Crash scene after the accident
Board of Trade issued warning about similar under-bridges.
Camberwell road accidentLondonEngland15 May 1884Cast iron trough girder bridge over railwayHidden defects in cast iron caused collapse of four girders0 killed, 1 injuredBridge rebuilt
Bussey bridgeBostonUnited States14 March 1887Iron railroad bridge collapses under trainpoor construction[2]30 killed, 40 injuredBridge rebuilt
Norwood junction rail accidentLondonEngland1 May 1891Cast iron girder fails under passing trainHidden defects in cast iron caused collapse0 killed, 1 injuredBridge rebuilt
Munchenstein rail disasterMunchensteinSwitzerland14 June 1891wrought iron trusstrain falls through centre of bridge71 killed, 171 injured
Point Ellice BridgeVictoria, British ColumbiaCanada26 May 1896overloaded tram car collapses central span47/53/50—60 killed (reports vary)
Eden Train WreckEden, ColoradoUnited States7 August 1904Wooden railway bridgeCollapsed because of a sudden washout111 killed, unknown injuredBridge completely destroyed
Egyptian BridgeSaint PetersburgRussian Empire20 January 1905Stone suspension bridgeDisputed0 killed, 0 injuredBridge rebuilt

The collapsed bridge.
Cimarron River rail crossingDover, Oklahoma TerritoryUnited States18 September 1906Wooden railroad trestleWashed out under pressure from debris during high water4-100+ killedEntire span lost; rebuiltBridge was intended as temporary, but construction of a permanent replacement had been delayed by the railroad for financial reasons.[3][4][5] Number of deaths is uncertain; estimates range from 4 to over 100.[6]
Quebec BridgeQuebec CityCanada29 August 1907Cantilever bridge, steel framework, railway bridgeCollapsed during construction: design error, bridge unable to support own weight74 killed, 11 injuredBridge completely destroyed.Redesigned, and rebuilding continued through the 2nd partial collapse in 1916 (below).
Romanov Bridgenow ZelenodolskRussian Empire22 November 1911Railway bridgeCollapsed during construction: ice slip cut of the scaffold13 confirmed killed, ~200 missingScaffold with workers had fallen on the ice and drownBridge was completed later
Quebec BridgeQuebec CityCanada11 September 1916Cantilever bridge, steel framework, railway bridgeCentral span slipped whilst being hoisted in place due to contractor error11 killed, unknown injuredCentral span dropped into the riverRebuilt and opened in December 1919 for rail traffic, after almost two decades of construction. It is still the longest cantilevered bridge span in the world and is considered a major engineering feat.
OtsuJapan1934Typhoon11 killed, 216 injured
Swan River railroad bridgeFremantleAustralia1926Flood? killed, ? injuredProposed replacement by Combined Bridge, road and rail. [7]
Appomatox River DrawbridgeHopewell, VirginiaUnited States22 December 1935Bus drove across the drawbridge when it was open.14 killed
Kasai RiverKasaiBelgian Congo12 September 1937Railway bridgeWhile under construction.Began in 1935; Construction never resumed.
Upper Steel Arch Bridge (also known as Honeymoon Bridge and Falls View Bridge)Niagara Falls, NY – Niagara Falls, ONUnited States – Canada27 January 1938Steel arch road bridgeIce jam in gorge pushed bridge off foundations0 killed, 0 injuredBridge completely destroyedReplaced in 1941 by the Rainbow Bridge
Sandö BridgeKramfors, ÅngermanlandSweden31 August 1939Concrete arch bridgeCollapsed during construction18 killedComplete loss of the main spanDid not receive much media attention as the Second World War began the next day. The bridge was finished in 1943 as the longest concrete arch bridge in the world until 1964.
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Galloping Gertie)Tacoma, WAUnited States7 November 1940Road bridge, cable suspension with plate girder deckAerodynamically poor design resulted in aeroelastic flutter0 killed, 0 injured (1 dog killed)Bridge completely destroyed, no person killed, but one dog killed and three vehicles lost.Became known as “Galloping Gertie”, in the first 4 months after opening up until its collapse under aeroelastic flutter. Since that time all new bridges have been modelled in wind tunnels. Rebuilt in 1950; parallel span opened in 2007.
Theodor Heuss BridgeLudwigshafenGermany12 December 1940Bridge of concrete, Motorway bridgeCollapsed during constructionUnknownBridge totally destroyedResulted in delay in completion of the motorway crossing of the Rhine until 1953
Chesapeake City BridgeChesapeake City, MDUnited States28 July 1942Road bridge, vertical lift drawbridgeTanker ship Franz Klasen rammed the drawbridge supports, causing collapseUnknownCentral span completely destroyedBridge replaced by high-level tied-arch bridge in 1949
Ludendorff Bridge (often called The bridge at Remagen)RemagenGermany17 March 1945Truss railroad and pedestrian bridgeCollapse due to previous battle damage incurred 7 March 194528 U.S. soldiers killedTotal destruction

Ludendorff Bridge at March 17, 1945 after the collapse
Capture of intact bridge offered significant short term tactical advantage to Allied forces. Collapse was not strategically significant due to placement of parallel floating bridges during the previous week
John P. Grace BridgeCharlestonUnited States24 February 1946Steel cantilever truss automobile bridgeThree spans collapsed due to collision with the freighter Nicaragua Victory5 killedThree collapsed spans 240 feet (73 m) were replaced and stood until 2005 when the bridge was closed following the opening of the Arthur Ravenel Bridge
Inotani wire bridgeToyamaJapan1949Construction type, use of bridgeMany check men check about complete wood and common wire bridge fall (sic)29 killedConstruction of bridge and cause of collapse are unclear from text provided
Duplessis bridge collapseTrois-Rivieres-Cap-de-la-Madeleine, QuebecCanada31 January 1951Steel bridgeStructural failure4 killedTotal destructionReconstructed
Footbridge at Harrow & Wealdstone stationWealdstoneEngland8 October 1952Pedestrian footbridgeStruck by train(s) during accident112 killed, 340 injuredTotal destructionIt is not recorded how many casualties were due to the bridge collapse
Tangiwai railway bridgeTangiwaiNew Zealand24 December 1953Railway bridgeDamaged by lahar minutes before passenger train passed over it.151 killed. New Zealand's worst train disaster.Bridge destroyed
Rail bridge near St Johns stationLewisham, South LondonEngland4 December 1957Railway bridgeTwo trains collided and smashed into supports, collapsing part of bridge onto the wreckage90 killed, 173 injuredBridge destroyedUnknown how many deaths/injuries specifically due to bridge collapse, since its effect was to worsen the train wreck
Second Narrows Bridge (Now known as Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing)Vancouver, B.C.Canada17 June 1958Steel truss cantileverCollapsed during construction due to miscalculation of weight bearing capacity of a temporary arm.19 killed, 79 injuredRebuilt8 additional deaths during the course of construction
Severn Railway BridgeGloucestershireEngland25 October 1960Cast ironTwo of 22 spans collapsed after two petrol barges collided with one of the support columns in thick fog. A third span collapsed 5 months later.5 killedDemolished 1967-1970

The remains of the bridge in 1966
King Street bridgeMelbourneAustralia10 July 1962One span collapsed under the weight of a 47-long-ton (48 t) semi-trailer due to brittle fracture on a very cold winter day0 killed
General Rafael Urdaneta BridgeMaracaiboVenezuela6 April 1964Road bridgeShip collision7 killed2 section co
llapsedCurrently in operation
Kansas Avenue BridgeTopeka, KansasUnited States2 July 1965Kansas Avenue Melan Bridge for traffic between downtown and North TopekaStructural deteriorationKilled a Topeka manSingle span collapseSuddenly collapsed about 5:30 p.m. on 2 July 1965, killing a Topeka man.[8]
Heron Road BridgeOttawaCanada10 August 1966Concrete road bridgeUse of green lumber and the lack of diagonal bracing on the wooden support forms during concrete pour.9 killedRebuilt.
Heiligenstedten Bascule BridgeHeiligenstedtenGermany1966Road bridgeShip collision0 killedBridge Rebuilt
Silver BridgePoint Pleasant, WV and Kanauga, OHUnited States15 December 1967Road bridge, chain link suspensionMaterial fault and Corrosion46 killed, 9 injuredBridge and 37 vehicles destroyed

The collapsed Silver Bridge, as seen from the Ohio side
Inspired the book Mothman Prophecies and the film of the same name
Queen Juliana BridgeWillemstad, CuraçaoNetherlands Antilles6 November 1967Portal bridgeConstruction support fault. Bridge fell during construction15 killedBridge collapsed at the Punda sideBridge reconstruction started in 1969 and was completed in 1971
Britannia BridgeMenai StraitWales23 May 1970Railway Tubular bridgeChildren accidentally set light to debris and railway sleepers and irreparably damaged the bridgeNo casualtiesTubular section buckled beyond repairBridge re-built to a new design using the original piers with a road deck over the new railway deck
West Gate BridgeMelbourneAustralia15 October 1970Road BridgeCollapsed during construction35 killed112-metre (367 ft) span between piers 10 and 11 collapsedSection sprung back and collapse during attempts to remove a buckle caused by a difference in camber of 11 cm (4.5 inches)
Cleddau BridgePembroke Dock and NeylandWales2 June 1970Box girder road bridgeInadequacy of the design of a pier support diaphragm4 killed, 5 injured70-metre (230 ft) cantilever being used to put one of the 150-tonne (150-long-ton) sections into position collapsed
South Bridge, KoblenzKoblenzGermany10 November 1971Road bridgeBridge bent into Rhine13 killed, unknown injuredBridge completely destroyed
Sidney Lanier BridgeBrunswick, GeorgiaUnited States7 November 1972Vertical Lift Bridge over the South Brunswick RiverStruck by the freighter African Neptune10 deaths, multiple injuriesSeveral spans knocked outRepaired during 1972-73 then completely replaced with a new cable-stayed bridge in 2003
Welland Canal Bridge No. 12Port Robinson, OntarioCanada25 August 1974Vertical Lift Bridge over the Welland CanalStruck by the ore carrier Steelton0 killed, 2 injuredBridge declared a loss; new tunnel or bridge rebuilding costs were found to be unjustified.Remaining structure dismantled; passenger ferry instated. Car traffic must use the northern Allanburg bridge or the southern East Main Street tunnel in Welland.
Makahali River bridgeBaitadiNepalNovember 1974140 killed
Tasman BridgeHobartAustralia5 January 1975Bridge of concrete, Motorway bridgeOre freighter Lake Illawarra collided with pylons. A 400-foot (120 m) section of bridge collapsed onto freighter and into the river. Four cars drove off bridge12 killed (7 ship crewman and 5 motorists)2 pylons and three sections of bridge collapsed, ore freighter sank, 4 cars fell into riverCity of Hobart was split in two. Residents living in the east were forced to make a 50 kilometres (31 mi) trip to the CBD via the next bridge to the north. Missing sections were reconstructed and the bridge reopened on 8 October 1977
ReichsbrückeViennaAustria1 August 1976Road bridge with TramColumn fractured1 killed, 0 injuredBridge, one bus and a lorry destroyed, ships damagedConcrete of the column had never been examined, was internally totally destroyed; “higher force”
Granville Railway BridgeSydneyAustralia18 January 1977Vehicle overpassPassenger train passing underneath highway overpass derailed and collided with pylons. Section of bridge collapsed onto train cars.83 killed, 210 injuredBridge destroyed
Benjamin Harrison Memorial BridgeHopewell, VirginiaUnited States24 February 1977Lift BridgeAn ocean-going tanker ship, the 5,700 ton, 523-ft long S.S. Marine Floridian struck the bridge collapsing a section of the bridge.0 killed, minor injuriesSection of bridge destroyedBridge repaired
Green Island BridgeTroy, NYUnited States15 March 1977Lift BridgeFlooding undermined the lift span pier resulting in the western lift tower and roadbed span of the bridge collapsing into the Hudson River.0 killed, 0 injuredBridge destroyed
Hood Canal Floating Bridge (William A. Bugge Bridge)Olympic, WashingtonUnited States13 February 1979Floating bridgeBlown pontoon hatches combined with extreme windstorm0 killed, 0 injuredWestern drawspan and western pontoons sunk; other sections survived.Lost portions rebuilt 1979-1982; the remainder of the bridge has since been replaced.
Almöbron (Tjörnbron)StenungsundSweden18 January 1980Steel arch bridgeShip collision during bad visibility (mist)8 killed, unknown injuredBridge and several cars destroyed
Sunshine Skyway Bridgenear St. Petersburg, FLUnited States9 May 1980Steel Cantilever BridgeShip collision35 killed, 1 injured1,200 feet (370 m) of southbound span, several cars and a bus destroyedTurned into state-run fishing pier/replaced with cable-stayed bridge
Hayakawa wire bridgeSaito, KyūshūJapan1980Wire Bridge (?)Lack of inspection and maintenance for 10 years previous7 killed, 15 injured
Hyatt Regency walkway collapseKansas City, MOUnited States17 July 1981Suspended bridge in hotel interiorOverload/weak joint/construction error114 killed, 200 injuredwalkway destroyed

View of the lobby floor, showing remains of the pedestrian bridge
14th Street BridgeBetween Arlington, VA and Washington, DCUnited States13 January 1982Interstate 395Air Florida Flight 90 crashed into bridge after taking off in the middle of a severe snowstorm82 killed (78 on plane, 4 on bridge)Bridge rebuilt
Cline Avenue over the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal and surrounding heavy industryEast Chicago, IndianaUnited States15 April 1982Indiana State Route 9121,200 feet (370 m) of the bridge collapsed while under construction when a concrete pad supporting shoring towers developed cracks.14 killed, 16 injuredBridge rebuiltSection between US 12 and the Indiana Toll Road renamed Highway Construction Workers Memorial Highway
Ulyanovsk railway bridgeUlyanovskUSSR5 June 1983Railway bridgeShip collision177 killed, unknown injuredNo collapseThe span cut the deck house and the cinema hall, whilst the lowest deck was undamaged. The ship damaged the railway bridge and some freight cars from the train fell onto the ship.
Mianus River BridgeGreenwich, ConnecticutUnited States28 June 1983Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike) over the Mianus RiverMetal Corrosion and Fatigue/Deferred Maintenance3 killed, 5 injured100-foot (30 m) section of the northbound lanes fell into the Mianus RiverCollapse due to failure of the pin and hanger assembly supporting the span. Temporary span installed to re-open I-95; new Mianus River Bridge completed in 1990.
Amarube railroad bridgeKasumi, HyōgoJapan28 December 1986Strong wind6 killed (One train conductor and five factory workers)An out of service train fell onto a fish processing factory
Schoharie Creek Bridge collapse Thruway BridgeFort Hunter, New YorkUnited States5 April 1987I-90 New York Thruway over the Schoharie CreekImproper protection of footings by contractor lead to scour of riverbed under footings.10 killed, unknown injuredTotal collapse[2]
Schoharie Creek's Mill Point BridgeWellsville, Amsterdam, NYUnited States11 April 1987State highwayFloodingNoneTotal collapseThe Mill Point Bridge is 3 miles (4.8 km) upstream from the Thruway bridge that collapsed on 5 April. Flood waters from the same flood that finally undermined the Thruway
bridge were up to the girders of the Mill Point bridge. It was closed as a safety precaution. It collapsed six days after the earlier collapse.[3]
Glanrhyd BridgeCarmarthenWales19 October 1987River TywiTrain washed off railway bridge by flood waters4 killed, including 1 school boy who drowned trying to rescue passengers
Aschaffenburg Main River Freeway BridgeAschaffenburgGermany1988Bridge of Motorway 3 over River MainError in construction1 killed, 0 injuredBridge total damagePartial collapse at Repetitive sliding
Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridgeButterworth, PenangMalaysia31 July 1988More than 32 killed .[4]
Tennessee Hatchie River Bridge45 miles (72 km) north of Memphis, TennesseeUnited States1 April 1989Northbound lanes of U.S. 51 over the Hatchie RiverShifting river channel, deterioration of foundation timber piles8 killedTotal collapseNTSB faulted Tennessee for not fixing the bridge before the collapse
Cypress Street ViaductOakland, CaliforniaUnited States17 October 1989I-880 (Nimitz Freeway)Destroyed in Loma Prieta Earthquake42 killedStructure destroyed, remains demolished and removed. Now a parkway.

The collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct seen from ground-level. Note detachment of upper vertical elements from lower and the lack of reinforcement at the point of detachment.
Replacement route for I-880 built elsewhere.
San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridgeconnects San Francisco and Oakland, CaliforniaUnited States17 October 1989I-8050-foot (15 m) section of the upper deck collapsed in Loma Prieta Earthquake1 killed

Collapsed section of roadway deck
Reopening on 18 November of that year. Currently (as of 2011) being replaced with a new self-supporting suspension bridge and approach spans.
Swinging BridgeHeber Springs, ArkansasUnited States28 October 1989Pedestrian suspension bridge over the Little Red RiverDestroyed by pedestrians swinging the bridge5 killedStructure destroyed
Lacey V. Murrow Memorial BridgeConnects Seattle and Bellevue, WashingtonUnited States25 November 1990I-90Heavy flooding of pontoons0 killed2,790 feet (850 m) of the bridge sank, dumping the contaminated water into the lake along with tons of bridge material
Astram Line steel bridgeHiroshimaJapan1991Metro railway15 Killed (5 workers and 10 civilians), 8 injured
Claiborne Avenue Bridge9th Ward, New Orleans, LouisianaUnited States28 May 1993Bridge connecting the “upper” and “lower” 9th WardsBarge collision1 killed, 2 injured Empty Barge collided with a support pier for the bridge, causing a 145-foot (44 m) section to collapse
Kapellbrücke (Chapel Bridge)LucerneSwitzerland18 August 1993The oldest wooden bridge in Europe, and one of Switzerland's main tourist attractions.It is believed that a cigarette started a fire in the evening.0 killed, unknown injured78 of 111 of the famous paintings were destroyed and the bridge burned nearly completely down. The bridge was rebuilt to match the original.
CSXT Big Bayou Canot rail bridgenear Mobile, AlabamaUnited States22 September 1993Railroad bridge span crossing Big Bayou Canot of Mobile RiverBarge towboat, struck pier in fog; span shifted so next train derailed; impact of derailment destroyed span47 killed, 103 injuredAmtrak train Sunset Limited carrying 220 passengers plunged into waterBridge span had been made movable in case a swing bridge was wanted, and never properly fastened
Seongsu BridgeSeoulSouth Korea21 October 1994Cantilever Bridge crossing Han Riverstructural failure-Bad welding32 killed, 17 injured48-metre (157 ft) slab between the fifth and the sixth piers collapsedStructural failure was caused by improper welding of the steel trusses of the suspension structure beneath the concrete slab roadway.
I-5 Bridge DisasterCoalinga, CaliforniaUnited States10 March 1995Concrete Truss Bridge Arroyo PasajeroStructural failure – support piers collapsed7 killed, 0 injuredComplete failure of two spans on I-5Due to extreme rainfall, the Arroyo Pasajero experienced high volumes of water at high speed. This caused scouring of the river bed undermining the support piers of both spans.
Koror-Babeldaob BridgeKoror and BabeldaobPalau26 September 1996Collapse following strengthening work2 killed, 4 injured
Baikong Railway bridgeRuyuan, GuangdongChina20 December 1996During construction29 killed
Maccabiah bridge collapseTel AvivIsrael14 July 1997Athletes pedestrian BridgePoor design and construction4 killed, 60 injuredToxic chemicals in the Yarkon River caused the four deaths and many of the injuries, not the collapse itself.
Eschede train disasterEschedeGermany3 June 1998Road bridgeTrain disaster101 killed, 105 injured Destruction by train crashing into pillar of motorway bridge, which collapsed onto derailed train
Hoan BridgeMilwaukee, WisconsinUnited States13 December 2000Concrete and steel bridgeNorthbound right lane began to buckle during the morning rush hour and sagged a few feet below normal. Damage was said to have been caused by extremely cold weather, snow, and heavy amounts of traffic.0 killed, 0 injuredPartial CollapseDamaged section removed by controlled demolition and rebuilt. Remainder of bridge extensively repaired and retrofitted.
Hintze Ribeiro disasterEntre-os-Rios, Castelo de PaivaPortugal5 March 2001Masonry and steel bridge built in 1887Pillar foundation became compromised due to years of illegal, but permitted sand extraction and the central span collapsed.59 killedCollapse of central sectionsBridge collapsed when a bus was passing in stormy weather with fast river flow. 3 cars also fell in the collapsed section. Bridge Demolished and replaced by modern bridge
Asagiri footbridgeAkashi, Hyōgo”2007 (A) No. 1634″. Osaka High Court. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 2011-07-06. “The 32nd Akashi Summer Festival was held in Akashi City, Hyogo Prefecture, on July 20 and 21, 2001”Japan21 July 2001Whilst progressing to a summer firework festival, people stampeded and panicked11 killed, 247 injured
Queen Isabella CausewayPort Isabel, Texas and South Padre Island, TexasUnited States15 September 2001Concrete bridge for vehicle traffic over Laguna Madre4 loaded barges veered 175 feet (53 m) west of the navigation channel and struck one of the bridge supports, causing a partial collapse of 3 sections measuring approximately 80 feet (24 m) each.8 killed, 13 survivorsPartial collapse

The damaged section of the Queen Isabella Causeway
The collapse had a significant economic impact on the region since the Causeway is the only road connecting South Padre Island to Port Isabel. The bridge also carried electricity lines and fresh water to the island. State officials brought in ferries to temporarily carry cars across the Laguna Madre. Repair cost for the bridge was estimated US$5 million.
Kadalundi River rail bridgeKadalundiIndia21 July 2001140-year old rail bridge collapsed57 killed (all drowned)
I-40 bridge disasterWebbers Falls, OklahomaUnited States26 May 2002Concrete bridge for vehicle traffic over Arkansas RiverBarge struck one pier of the bridge causing a partial collapse14 killedPartial collapse

I-40 Bridge, May 31, 2002
Bridge was later repaired
Rafiganj rail bridgeRafiganjIndia10 September 2002Terrorists sabotaged rail bridge, causing crash130 killed
Interstate 95 Howard Avenue OverpassBridgeport, ConnecticutUnited States26 March 2003Girder and FloorbeamCar struck a truck carrying 8,000 US gallons (30,000 litres; 6,700 imperial gallons) of heating oil, igniting a fire that melted the bridge superstructure, causing collapse of the southbound lanes0 killed, 1 injuredPartial collapseNorthbound lanes shored up with falsework and reopened 3 days later; temporary bridge installed to carry southbound lanes. New permanent bridge completed in November 2003.
Kinzua BridgeKinzua Bridge State Park, PennsylvaniaUnited States21 July 2003Historic steel rail viaductHit by tornado wit
h 100 mph winds0 killedPartial collapse

Failed bridge
The state decided not to rebuild the Kinzua Bridge.
Sgt. Aubrey Cosens VC Memorial Bridge,Latchford, Ontario,Canada14 January 2003Partial failure0 killed, 0 injured
Loncomilla Bridgenear San JavierChile18 November 2004Concrete bridge for vehicle traffic over Maule RiverThe structure was not built on rock, but rather on fluvial ground.0 killed, 8 injuredPartial collapseBridge was later repaired
Mungo Bridge[9]Cameroon1 July 2004Steel girder for road trafficPartial collapseYet to be repaired
Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge replacement projectConnecticutUnited StatesFebruary 2004Collapse occurred in during demolition of the original 1940 span1 killedSingle fatality occurred when the crane he was operating was knocked from its barge by falling steel from the bridge
Big Nickel Road BridgeSudbury, OntarioCanada7 May 20040 killedCollapsed onto roadway below during construction[10]
Veligonda Railway BridgeIndia29 October 2005Railway bridgeflood washed rail bridge away114 killed
Almuñécar motorway bridgeAlmuñécar, Province of GranadaSpain7 November 2005Motorway bridgePart collapsed during construction, reason unknown6 killed, 3 injured A 60-metre (200 ft) long part fell 50 metres (160 ft)
Caracas-La Guaira highway, Viaduct #1TacaguaVenezuela19 March 2006Highway viaduct over a gorgeLandslides0 killed, 0 injuredTotal collapseDemolished, it was rebuilt and reopened on 21 June 2007
E45 BridgeNørresundbyDenmark25 April 2006Road bridgeCollapsed during reconstruction due to miscalculation1 killedBridge total damage[11]
Highway 19 overpass at Laval (De la Concorde Overpass collapse)Laval, QuebecCanada30 September 2006Highway overpassShear failure due to incorrectly placed rebar, low-quality concrete5 killed, 6 injured20-metre (66 ft) section gavewayDemolished; was rebuilt, reopened on 13 June 2007.[5]
Yekaterinburg bridge collapseYekaterinburgRussia6 September 2006Collapse during construction0 killed, 0 injured
NimuleNimuleKenya/SudanOctober 2006Struck by truck overloaded with cement
Pedestrian bridgeBhagalpurIndiaDecember 2006150-year-old pedestrian bridge (being dismantled) collapsed onto a railway train as it was passing underneath .[6]More than 30 killed
Railway bridgeEziama[disambiguation needed], near AbaNigeriaDecember 2006UnknownUnknown killedRestored 2009[12]
Run Pathani Bridge Collapse80 km (50 miles) east of Karachi,Pakistan2006Collapsed during the 2006 monsoons
Gosford Culvert washawayAustralia8 July 2007Culvert collapse[13]5 killed (all drowned)
Highway 325 Bridge over the Xijiang RiverFoshan, GuangdongChina15 June 2007Motorway bridgeStruck by vessel8 killed, unknown injuredSection collapsedUnknown
Minneapolis I-35W bridge over the Mississippi RiverMinneapolis, MinnesotaUnited States1 August 2007arch/truss bridgeThe NTSB said that undersized gusset plates, increased concrete surfacing load, and weight of construction supplies/equipment caused this collapse.13 killed, 145 injuredTotal bridge failure

Security camera images show the collapse in animation, looking north.
Collapsed at 6:05PM beneath bumper-to-bumper rush hour traffic confined to 4 of 8 lanes due to resurfacing in progress. The rebuilt I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge was reopened on 18 September 2008.
Tuo River bridgeFenghuang, HunanChina13 August 2007unknownCurrently under investigation, believed to be linked to the fact that local contractors often opt for shoddy materials to cut costs and use migrant laborers with little or no safety training34 killed, 22 injuredTotal collapseCollapsed during construction as workers were removing scaffolding from its facade
Harp Road bridge [7]Oakville, WashingtonUnited States15 August 2007Main thoroughfare into Oakville over Garrard Creek, Grays Harbor CountyCollapsed under weight of a truck hauling an excavator0 killed, 0 injuredMajority to total collapse; temporary or permanent bridge is needed.Approximate weight of load was 180,000 pounds (82,000 kg); bridge is rated at 35,000 pounds (16,000 kg). Residents must take a 23-mile (37 km) detour.
MacArthur MazeOakland, CaliforniaUnited States29 April 2007Tanker explosion, fire softens steel sections of flyover causing them to collapse.
Shershah Bridge – Section of the Northern Bypass, KarachiKarachiPakistan1 September 2007Overpass bridgeInvestigation underway5 killed, 2 injuredCollapse may have been caused because of lack of material strength. The reconstruction is in progress.[when?]
Can Tho BridgeCan ThoVietnam26 September 2007Investigation underway36-60 killed, hundreds injuredSection bucked while construction was underway

Pieces of Cần Thơ Bridge remaining after its collapse on 4 October 2007, ten days after the accident.
South eastern GuineaGuineaMarch 2007Bridge collapsed under the weight of a truck packed with passengers and merchandise. [8]65 killed
Chhinchu suspension bridgeNepalgunj, BirendranagarNepal25 December 2007Overcrowded suspension bridge collapsed19 Killed, 15 missing
South Korea5 April 2007parts of a bridge collapses during construction5 killed, 7 injuredBridge being built between the two Southern Islands.[14]
Flyover bridgePunjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra PradeshIndia9 September 2007during construction15-30 killed[15]
StudenkaCzech Republic8 August 2008Train crashed into a road bridge over the railway under construction, which collapsed before the arrival of a train8 killed, 70 injuried
The Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway (CRANDIC) bridgeCedar Rapids, IowaUnited States12 June 2008Railroad Bridgeduring June 2008 Midwest Floods0 killed, 0 injuredThree of the bridge's four steel spans were swept into the river along with 15 CRANDIC rail cars loaded with rockThe Cedar River was still swollen in this image taken 10 days after the bridge's collapse.
Somerton BridgeSomerton, NSWAustralia8 December 2008Timber road bridgeHeavy FloodingNoneCollapse of northern spanBridge collapsed during heavy flooding due to poor maintenance[16]
Bridge on SS9 over River PoPiacenzaItaly30 April 2009Road bridgeCollapsed due to flood of River Po0 killed, 1 injuredreplaced by a temporary floating bridge 6 months later, then by a definitive new bridge that will open on December 18th 2010
9 Mile Road Bridge at I-75Hazel Park, MichiganUnited States15 July 2009Road Bridgecollapsed due to tanker accident0 killed, 1 injuredPolice officer pulled over tanker to cause firereopened on 11 December of that year
Malahide ViaductBroadmeadow – 13 km (8.1 miles) north of DublinIreland21 August 2009Railway bridgeOne span of viaduct collapsed after tidal scouring of foundations – first reported by local Sea-scouts.[17]
San Francisco – Oakland Bay BridgeConnects San Francisco and Oakland, CaliforniaUnited States27 October 2009I-800 killed, 1 injuryTwo tension rods and a crossbeam from a recently installed repair collapsed during the evening commute, causing the bridge to be closed temporarily.During an extended closure as part of the eastern span replacement of the San Fancisco Oakland Bay Bridge over the 2009 Labor Day holiday, a critical failure was discovered in an eyebar that would have been significant enough to cause a closure of the bridge.[18] Emergency repairs took 70 hours and were completed on 9 September 2009. This is the repair that failed.
Tarcoles BridgeOrotinaCosta Rica22 October 2009Suspension bridge built 1924, 270-foot (82 m) span.Overload by heavy trucks and dead loads (water pipes).[19]5 killed, 30 injuredBridge total damage
Railway Bridge RDG1 48 over the River Crane near FelthamFelthamEngland14 November 2009Brick arch railway bridge built 1848Undermined by scour from river.[20]No injuries .River span beyond repair. Rebuilt as reinforced concrete.
Northside Bridge, Workington. Navvies Footbr
idge, Workington. Camerton Footbridge, Camerton. Memorial Gardens footbridge, Cockermouth. Low Lorton Bridge, Little Braithwaite Bridge.CumbriaEngland21 November 2009Traditional sandstone bridges.Very intense rainfall produced extreme river loads that overwhelmed all the bridges.[21]1 policeman killedAll bridges destroyed or damaged beyond repair
Kota Chambal BridgeKota, RajasthanIndia25 December 20099 killed, 45 missing[22]Bridge collapsed while under construction
MyllysiltaTurkuFinland6 March 2010Bridge bent 143 centimetres (56 in) due to structural failures of both piers0 killed, 0 injuredDemolished June–July 2010
Gungahlin Drive Extension bridgeCanberraAustralia14 August 2010Concrete road bridgeUnder investigation15 workers injuredCollapse of the half-built span

GDE Bridge after the collapse
Bridge collapsed during a concrete pour.[23][24]
[edit]

Scope of this article

In listing civilian nuclear accidents, the following criteria have been followed:
There must be well-attested and substantial health damage, property damage or contamination.
The damage must be related directly to radioactive material, not merely (for example) at a nuclear power plant.
To qualify as “civilian”, the nuclear operation/material must be principally for non-military purposes.
The event should involve fissile material or a reactor.
[edit]1950s

December 12, 1952 — INES Level 5[citation needed] – Chalk River, Ontario, Canada – Reactor core damaged
A reactor shutoff rod failure, combined with several operator errors, led to a major power excursion of more than double the reactor's rated output at AECL's NRX reactor. The operators purged the reactor's heavy water moderator, and the reaction stopped in under 30 seconds. A cover gas system failure led to hydrogen explosions, which severely damaged the reactor core. The fission products from approximately 30 kg of uranium were released through the reactor stack. Irradiated light-water coolant leaked from the damaged coolant circuit into the reactor building; some 4,000 cubic meters were pumped via pipeline to a disposal area to avoid contamination of the Ottawa River. Subsequent monitoring of surrounding water sources revealed no contamination. No immediate fatalities or injuries resulted from the incident; a 1982 followup study of exposed workers showed no long-term health effects. Future U.S. President Jimmy Carter, then a Lieutenant in the US Navy, was among the cleanup crew.[1]
May 24, 1958 — INES Level needed – Chalk River, Ontario, Canada – Fuel damaged
Due to inadequate cooling a damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two as it was being removed from the core at the NRU reactor. The fire was extinguished, but not before radioactive combustion products contaminated the interior of the reactor building and, to a lesser degree, an area surrounding the laboratory site. Over 600 people were employed in the clean-up.[2][3]
October 25, 1958 – INES Level needed – Vinča, Yugoslavia – Criticality excursion, irradiation of personnel
During a subcritical counting experiment a power buildup went undetected at the Vinca Nuclear Institute's zero-power natural uranium heavy water moderated research reactor.[4] Saturation of radiation detection chambers gave the researchers false readings and the level of moderator in the reactor tank was raised triggering a criticality excursion which a researcher detected from the smell of ozone.[5] Six scientists received radiation doses of 2—4 Sv (200—400 rems) [6] (p. 96). An experimental bone marrow transplant treatment was performed on all of them in France and five survived, despite the ultimate rejection of the marrow in all cases. A single woman among them later had a child without apparent complications. This was one of the first nuclear incidents investigated by then newly-formed IAEA.[7]
July 26, 1959 — INES Level needed – Santa Susana Field Laboratory, California, United States – Partial meltdown
A partial core meltdown may have taken place when the Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) experienced a power excursion that caused severe overheating of the reactor core, resulting in the melting of one-third of the nuclear fuel and significant releases of radioactive gases.[8]
[edit]1960s

July 24, 1964 – INES Level needed – Charlestown, Rhode Island, United States – Criticality Accident
An error by a worker at a United Nuclear Corporation fuel facility led to an accidental criticality. Robert Peabody, believing he was using a diluted uranium solution, accidentally put concentrated solution into an agitation tank containing sodium carbonate. Peabody was exposed to 10,000rad (100Gy) of radiation and died two days later. Ninety minutes after the criticality, a plant manager and another administrator returned to the building and were exposed to 100rad (1Gy), but suffered no ill effects.[9][10]
October 5, 1966 — INES Level needed – Monroe, Michigan, United States – Partial meltdown
A sodium cooling system malfunction caused a partial meltdown at the Enrico Fermi demonstration nuclear breeder reactor (Enrico Fermi-1 fast breeder reactor). The accident was attributed to a zirconium fragment that obstructed a flow-guide in the sodium cooling system. Two of the 105 fuel assemblies melted during the incident, but no contamination was recorded outside the containment vessel.[11]
Winter 1966-1967 (date unknown) – INES Level needed – location unknown – loss of coolant accident
The Soviet icebreaker Lenin, the USSR’s first nuclear-powered surface ship, suffered a major accident (possibly a meltdown — exactly what happened remains a matter of controversy in the West) in one of its three reactors. To find the leak the crew broke through the concrete and steel radiation shield with sledgehammers, causing irreparable damage. It was rumored that around 30 of the crew were killed. The ship was abandoned for a year to allow radiation levels to drop before the three reactors were removed, to be dumped into the Tsivolko Fjord on the Kara Sea, along with 60% of the fuel elements packed in a separate container. The reactors were replaced with two new ones, and the ship re-entered service in 1970, serving until 1989.
May 1967 — INES Level needed – Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, United Kingdom – Partial meltdown
Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire at the Chapelcross nuclear power station. Contamination was confined to the reactor core. The core was repaired and restarted in 1969, operating until the plant's shutdown in 2004.[12][13]
January 21, 1969 — INES Level: None – Lucens, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland – Explosion
A total loss of coolant led to a power excursion and explosion of an experimental nuclear reactor in a large cave at Lucens. The underground location of this reactor acted like a containment building and prevented any outside contamination. The cavern was heavily contaminated and was sealed. No injuries or fatalities resulted.[14][15]
De-fuelling and partial dismantling occurred from 1969 to 1973. In 1988, the lowest caverns were filled with concrete, and a regulatory permit was issued in December 1990. Currently, the archives of the Canton of Vaud are located in the caverns.[16]
[edit]1970s

December 7, 1975 – INES Level 3 – Greifswald, Germany (then East Germany) – Partly damaged
Operators disabled three of six cooling pumps' electrical supply circuits to test emergency shutoffs. Instead of the expected automatic shutdown, a fourth pump failed causing excessive heating which damaged ten fuel rods. The accident was attributed to sticky relay contacts and generally poor construction in the Soviet-built reactor.[17]
February 22, 1977 – INES Level 4 – Jaslovské Bohunice, Czechoslovakia – Fuel damaged
Operators neglected to remove moisture-absorbing materials from a fuel rod assembly before loading it into the KS 150 reactor at power plant A-1. The accident resulted in damaged fuel integrity, extens
ive corrosion damage of fuel cladding and release of radioactivity into the plant area. The affected reactor was decommissioned following this accident.[18]
March 28, 1979 – INES Level 5[citation needed] – Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States – Partial meltdown
Equipment failures and worker mistakes contributed to a loss of coolant and a partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station 15 km (9 miles) southeast of Harrisburg. While the reactor was extensively damaged, on-site radiation exposure was under 100 millirems (less than annual exposure due to natural sources). Area residents received a smaller exposure of 1 millirem (10 µSv), or about 1/3 the dose from eating a banana per day for one year. There were no fatalities. Follow-up radiological studies predict between zero and one long-term cancer fatality.[19][20][21]
See also: Three Mile Island accident
[edit]1980s

March 13, 1980 – INES Level 4 – Orléans, France – Nuclear materials leak
A brief power excursion in Reactor A2 led to a rupture of fuel bundles and a minor release (8 x 1010 Bq) of nuclear materials at the Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant. The reactor was repaired and continued operation until its decommissioning in 1992.[22]
March, 1981 — INES Level 2 – Tsuruga, Japan – Radioactive materials released into Sea of Japan + Overexposure of workers
More than 100 workers were exposed to doses of up to 155 millirem per day radiation during repairs of the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant, violating the Japan Atomic Power Company's limit of 100 millirems (1 mSv) per day.[23]
January 25, 1982 – INES Level unknown – Ontario, New York – Radioactive materials released
A steam pipe burst at the Ginna Nuclear Generating Station, resulting in a loss of coolant and gasses were intentionally vented to the atmosphere to reduce risks of explosion.
September 23, 1983 — INES Level 4 – Buenos Aires, Argentina – Accidental criticality
An operator error during a fuel plate reconfiguration in an experimental test reactor led to an excursion of 3×1017 fissions at the RA-2 facility. The operator absorbed 2000 rad (20 Gy) of gamma and 1700 rad (17 Gy) of neutron radiation which killed him two days later. Another 17 people outside of the reactor room absorbed doses ranging from 35 rad (0.35 Gy) to less than 1 rad (0.01 Gy).[24] pg103[25]
April 26, 1986 — INES Level 7 – Prypiat, Ukraine (then USSR) – Power excursion, explosion, complete meltdown
An inadequate reactor safety system[26] led to an uncontrolled power excursion, causing a severe steam explosion, meltdown and release of radioactive material at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant located approximately 100 kilometers north-northwest of Kiev. Approximately fifty fatalities (mostly cleanup personnel) resulted from the accident and the immediate aftermath. An additional nine fatal cases of thyroid cancer in children in the Chernobyl area have been attributed to the accident. The explosion and combustion of the graphite reactor core spread radioactive material over much of Europe. 100,000 people were evacuated from the areas immediately surrounding Chernobyl in addition to 300,000 from the areas of heavy fallout in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. An “Exclusion Zone” was created surrounding the site encompassing approximately 1,000 mi² (3,000 km²) and deemed off-limits for human habitation for an indefinite period. Several studies by governments, UN agencies and environmental groups have estimated the consequences and eventual number of casualties. Their findings are subject to controversy.
See also: Chernobyl disaster
May 4, 1986 – INES Level 3-5 (need ref) – Hamm-Uentrop, Germany (then West Germany) – Fuel damaged
A spherical fuel pebble became lodged in the pipe used to deliver fuel elements to the reactor at an experimental 300-megawatt THTR-300 HTGR. Attempts by an operator to dislodge the fuel pebble damaged its cladding, releasing radiation detectable up to two kilometers from the reactor.[27]
October 19, 1989 – INES Level 3 – Vandellos Nuclear Power Plant, Spain -fire in one of its two turbogenerators
After the fire in the turbogenerators the Spanish comission determined a large list of issues in the plant that was closed by the owners due to economical unviability.
[edit]1990s

April 6, 1993 — INES Level 4 – Tomsk, Russia – Explosion
A pressure buildup led to an explosive mechanical failure in a 34 cubic meter stainless steel reaction vessel buried in a concrete bunker under building 201 of the radiochemical works at the Tomsk-7 Siberian Chemical Enterprise plutonium reprocessing facility. The vessel contained a mixture of concentrated nitric acid, uranium (8757 kg), plutonium (449 g) along with a mixture of radioactive and organic waste from a prior extraction cycle. The explosion dislodged the concrete lid of the bunker and blew a large hole in the roof of the building, releasing approximately 6 GBq of Pu 239 and 30 TBq of various other radionuclides into the environment. The contamination plume extended 28 km NE of building 201, 20 km beyond the facility property. The small village of Georgievka (pop. 200) was at the end of the fallout plume, but no fatalities, illnesses or injuries were reported. The accident exposed 160 on-site workers and almost two thousand cleanup workers to total doses of up to 50 mSv (the threshold limit for radiation workers is 100 mSv per 5 years).[28][29][30]
June, 1999 — INES Level 2[31] – Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan – Control rod malfunction
Operators attempting to insert one control rod during an inspection neglected procedure and instead withdrew three causing a 15 minute uncontrolled sustained reaction at the number 1 reactor of Shika Nuclear Power Plant. The Hokuriku Electric Power Company who owned the reactor did not report this incident and falsified records, covering it up until March, 2007.[32]
September 30, 1999 — INES Level 4 – Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan – Accidental criticality
Inadequately trained part-time workers prepared a uranyl nitrate solution containing about 16.6 kg of uranium, which exceeded the critical mass, into a precipitation tank at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tokai-mura northeast of Tokyo, Japan. The tank was not designed to dissolve this type of solution and was not configured to prevent eventual criticality. Three workers were exposed to (neutron) radiation doses in excess of allowable limits. Two of these workers died. 116 other workers received lesser doses of 1 mSv or greater though not in excess of the allowable limit.[33][34][35][36]
See also: Tokaimura nuclear accident
[edit]2000s

April 10, 2003 — INES Level 3 – Paks, Hungary – Fuel damaged
Partially spent fuel rods undergoing cleaning in a tank of heavy water ruptured and spilled fuel pellets at Paks Nuclear Power Plant. It is suspected that inadequate cooling of the rods during the cleaning process combined with a sudden influx of cold water thermally shocked fuel rods causing them to split. Boric acid was added to the tank to prevent the loose fuel pellets from achieving criticality. Ammonia and hydrazine were also added to absorb iodine-131.[37]
April 19, 2005 — INES Level 3 – Sellafield, England, United Kingdom – Nuclear material leak
20 metric tons of uranium and 160 kilograms of plutonium dissolved in 83,000 litres of nitric acid leaked over several months from a cracked pipe into a stainless steel sump chamber at the Thorp nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. The partially processed spent fuel was drained into holding tanks outside the plant.[38][39]
November 2005 — INES Level needed – Braidwood, Illinois, United States – Nuclear material leak
Tritium contamination of groundwater was discovered at Exelon's Braidwood station. Groundwater off site remains within safe drinking standards though the NRC is requiring the plant to correct any problems related to the release.[40]
March 6, 2006 — INES Level 2[41] – Erwin, Tennessee, United States – Nuclear material leak
Thirty-five litres of a highly enriched uranium solution leak
ed during transfer into a lab at Nuclear Fuel Services Erwin Plant. The incident caused a seven-month shutdown. A required public heari

July 28, 2011 at 4:35 pm#254184

Participant

Quote

radiocarbon dating is done from a calibration curve that uses data from samples of independently known age to account for changes in isotope ratios.

Calibration curve, a scientific term for fudge factor implemented using circular reasoning. They confirm the current ratio back a few thousand years (a period not in dispute by either side of the argument) but then extrapolate it back assuming it was consistent for the last 70,000 years.

I have to go right now I'll address the rest later

July 28, 2011 at 4:58 pm#254188

Participant

stu

I still have many other disasters ,there is more than 100

we still have to go to the chemical incidents

Pierre

July 28, 2011 at 7:46 pm#254203